EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT
A Comparative Cost-Benefit Analysis of Bihar and Kerala
Abstract
India’s multitudes of diversities are not limited to its culture, but also reflected in the varying positions of each state in human and economic development. Two states on the opposite extremes since the inception of India are Kerala and Bihar, causing variances in the average indices of the nation. Though there are differences in their GDP and per capita incomes, the stark contrast in their literacy rates, levels of educational attainment and gender roles have stood them apart. Based on the endogenous growth model, the contrasting relationships between education and development in these two states were analysed under the framework of cost-benefit analysis. The acclaimed ‘Kerala Model’ was demystified and critically analysed to test its applicability on improving the position of Bihar from the lowest rungs in the human development index. A real-time example of the importance of planned investment in human capital and its subsequent externalities to the society was examined through the different COVID-19 responses of the states.
Downloads
References
Acharya, R., & Porwal, A. (2020): "A vulnerability index for the management of and response to the COVID-19 epidemic in India: an ecological study," Lancet Global Health, Vol 8, No 9, pp 1142-51.
Alex, A. (2005): Public Expenditure on School Education (Class I-XII) in Kerala: A Cost-Benefit Analysis, New Delhi: Centre for Civil Society.
Anand, P. B. (2009): Violence and urbanisation: The Kerala-Bihar paradox and beyond, Retrieved from University of Bradford, Department of Development and Economic Studies: https://bradscholars.brad.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/10454/3542/DES_Working_Paper_4_P_B_Anand_Violence_and_Urbanisation-Kerala-Bihar_paradox%5B1%5D.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
AS, S. (2019, October 23): Kerala tops in crime chart with 6.5 lakh police cases in 2017, Retrieved from The New Indian Express: https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/oct/23/kerala-tops-in-crime-chart-with-65-lakh-police-cases-in-2017-2051551.html
Bajpai, N., & Wadhwa, M. (2020): "COVID-19 in India: Issues, Challenges and Lessons," In CSD Working Paper Series: Towards a New Indian Model of Information and Communications, Centre for Sustainable Development.
Centre for Development Studies (2018): Kerala Migration Survey, Thiruvananthapuram: Centre for Development Studies.
CRISIL (2018): States of Growth, Mumbai: CRISIL Limited.
Editorial (2020, January 13): Matter of interpretation: On NCRB’s Crime in India Report 2018, Retrieved from The Hindu: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/matter-of-interpretation/article30551693.ece
Franke, R. W. and Chasin, B. H. (1994): KERALA: Radical Reform as Development in an Indian State, California: The Institute for Food and Development Policy.
Gupta, N., & Lalit (2019): "Crime in India: An Inter-State Analysis," Maharshi Dayanand University Research Journal, Vol 18, No 1, pp 81-101, Accessed from http://www.mdu.ac.in/UpFiles/UpPdfFiles/2020/Mar/Ch-6.pdf.
Hicks, N. (1980): Economic Growth and Human Resources: A Background Paper for World Development Report, Washington D.C.: The World Bank.
India Today (2020, August 7): Mood of the nation: 70% happy with their state's response to Covid-19, Retrieved from India Today: https://www.indiatoday.in/mood-of-the-nation/story/mood-of-the-nation-70-per-cent-happy-with-their-state-s-response-to-covid-19-1708930-2020-08-07
Kerala State Planning Board (2019): Kerala Economic Review 2007-19, Thiruvanathupuram: Government of Kerala .
Kovacevic, M., & Jahic, A. (2020): COVID-19 and Human Development Exploring global preparedness and vulnerability, Geneva: UNDP.
Kumari, A. (2009): "Crimes against Women in Kerala: What do the trends reveal," The Journal of Family Welfare, Vol 55, No 1, pp18-30.
McMachon, W. W. (1999): Education and Development: Measuring the Social Benefits, New York: Oxford University Press.
- (2004): The Social and External Benefits of Education. In G. Johnes, & J. Johnes, International Handbook on the Economics of Education (pp. 221-269), Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited .
Mingat, A., & Tan, J.-P. (1966): The Full Social Returns to Education: Estimates Based on Countries' Economic Growth Performance, Washington: World Bank.
Mukhopadhyay, S. (2007): Understanding the Enigma of Women's Status in Kerala: Does high literacy necessarily translate into high status? In S. (. Mukhopadhyay, The Enigma of the Kerala Women: a failed promise of literacy (pp. 3-31), New Delhi: Berghahn Books.
National Crime Records Bureau (2018): Crime in India, New Delhi: Ministry of Home Affairs.
Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner (2017): Sample Registration System Statistical Report 2017, New Delhi: Ministry of Home Affairs.
Oomen, M. A. (2018, March 9): Kerala is No Model of Development, Retrieved from The Hindu Business Line: https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/
Pandit, K. (2020): "Challenges of Human Resources Management in Changing Bihar: The Way Forward," International Journal of Human Resource Management and Research, Vol 10, No 1, pp 101-112.
Parayil, G. (2000): Kerala, the Development Experience: Reflections on Sustainability and Replicability, London: Zed.
Paul, R. (1990): "Endogenous Technical Change," Journal of Political Economy, Vol 98, No 5, pp 71-98.
Prest, A. R., & Turvey, R. (1965): Cost-Benefit Analysis: A Survey, In Surveys of Economic Theory (pp 155-207), London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Psacharopoulos, G., & Woodhall, M. (1985): Education for Development: An Analysis of Investment Choices, Washington: The World Bank.
Reserve Bank of India (2020): The Handbook of Statistics on the Indian Economy, New Delhi: Reserve Bank of India.
Schultz, T. W. (1961): "Investment in Human Capital," American Economic Association, Vol 51, No 1, pp 1-17.
Simister, J. (2011): "Assessing the 'Kerala Model': Education is necessary but not sufficient," Journal of South Asian Development , Vol 6, No 1, pp 1-24.
Sinha, A. (2020, May 27): Coronavirus numbers explained: Bihar enters top ten, Kerala reports its highest single-day number till now, Retrieved from The Indian Express: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/coronavirus-numbers-explained-top-10-states-bihar-kerala-6423587/
- (2020, May 22): Coronavirus numbers explained: Bihar is becoming trouble state, Retrieved from The Indian Express: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/coronavirus-numbers-explained-bihar/
Thankappan, K. R. (2020): Combating Corona Virus Disease 2019 and Comorbidities: The Kerala Experience for the First 100 Days, Retrieved from International Journal of Noncommunicable Diseases: https://doi.org/10.4103/jncd.jncd_26_20
Tilak, J. B. (2001): Higher Education and Development in Kerala, Working Paper No.5. Kochi: Centre for Socio-Economic & Environmental Studies.
Transparency International India (2019): India Corruption Survey 2019, New Delhi: Transparency International India .
Unnikrishnan, H. (2016, March 13): Ernakulam peaks on migrant crime graph, Retrieved from The Hindu: https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/ernakulam-peaks-on-migrant-crime-graph/article8348057.ece
Witte, A. D. (1997): Social benefits of education: crime, In J. Behrman, & N. S. (eds), The Social Benefits of Education (pp. 219-247), Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Copyright (c) 2022 IJRDO - Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Author(s) and co-author(s) jointly and severally represent and warrant that the Article is original with the author(s) and does not infringe any copyright or violate any other right of any third parties, and that the Article has not been published elsewhere. Author(s) agree to the terms that the IJRDO Journal will have the full right to remove the published article on any misconduct found in the published article.
