The 7x4 field: the seven categories for reasons behind sleeping prob-lems, and the four cornerstones of a healthy life.
Abstract
Each year there are numerous scientific publications about sleeping problems. Utilising this information to prevent mental problems and disorders, as well as abnormal negative behaviour, practically calls for a functional method of categorisation. A 7x4 field for this precise purpose has been in development in Finland since the 1980s. This article explores this field's applicability in tackling sleeping problems. The study in question utilised a multitude of research reports on sleeping problems and placed them within the 7x4 field. According to the results, sleeping problems can be assigned to seven major categories. The four cornerstones of well-being included in the 7x4 field also bring structure to the enormous amount of data and serve the purposes of preventative measures.
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References
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Peculiar penile events during wakefulness and slow wave sleep in the armadillo. Journal
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Ahlberg, K. (2008) Self-reported bruxism: Associated factors among mediapersonnel with or
without irregular shift work. Dissertation, University of Helsinki.
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Asplund, R. (2003) Sleepiness and sleep in elderly persons with tinnitus. Archives of gerontology
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Inconsistent sleep schedules and daytime behavioral difficulties in school-aged children.
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these seven habits can help lead you into a more energized day. New York: Prevention
Magazine Subscriptions.
Buysse, DJ., Germain, A., Hall, M., Monk, TH. & Nofzinger EA. (2011) A Neurobiological Model
of Insomnia. Drug Discov Today Dis Models, vol. 8:129-137.
Cohen, A. & Zandra, A. (2015) An analysis of laypeople´s beliefs regarding the origins of their
worst nightmares, International Journal of Dream Research 8: 120-128.
Denissen, JJ., Penke, L. & van Aken, M. (2008) The Effects of Weather on Daily Mood: A
Multilevel Approach Emotion, vol. 8/ 5: 662– 667.
Ebrahim, I., Shapiro, C., Williams, J. & Fenwick, P. (2013) Alcohol and Sleep I: Effects on Normal
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Edmé, P. & Chauvot de Beauchêne E. P. (1786) Observation sur une maladie nerveuse. Avec
complication d'un sommeil tantôt léthargique, tantôt convulsif. A Amsterdam et à Paris:
chez Méquignon l'aine. [Observation of a nervous disease attended by disturbed sleep, at
times lethargic and at times convulsive.].
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Heiska, J. (2018) The usage of the concept happiness is enhanced by a mathematic formula that
includes seven variables. International Journal of Health and Psychology Research, vol.
3, September: 14-20.
Heiska, J. (2019) So-called delusions in daily life can be broken down and described more
accurately with the help of a 7x4-field. IJRDO-journal of Social Science and Humanities
Research, vol. 4/8, August: 180-192.
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Leo, G. (2003) Parasomnias, Wisconsin Medical Journal, vol. 102(1):32-35.
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Mahowald, M. & Schenck, C. (1992) Dissociated states of wakefulness and sleep. Neurology.
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loneliness and sleep quality over time in older adults. British Journal of Health
Psychology, September.
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Medicine and Health Technology, physiology study group, written coursework for
advanced studies.
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Epidemiology and Long Term Evaluation. New York: Raven Press.
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of Sleep Medicine.
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industry shift workers. Sleep Health June. National Sleepfoundation.
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better body, better health and bigger success. New York: Rodale Books.
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from 1972 to 2005: a comparative review and re-analysis of Finnish population samples.
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sleep. Dissertation, University of Helsinki Helsinki: Finnish institute of Ocupational
Health.
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of Technology.
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without irregular shift work. Dissertation, University of Helsinki.
Abe, K. & Suzuki, T. (1985) Age trends of early awakening and feeling worse in the morning than
in apparently normal people. Journal of Nerve and Mental Disease 173(8).
Asplund, R. (2003) Sleepiness and sleep in elderly persons with tinnitus. Archives of gerontology
and geriatrics 37(2):139-145.
Axelsson, J., Sundelin, T., Ingre, M., Van Someren, E., Olsson, A. & Lekander, M. (2010) Beauty
sleep: experimental study on the perceived health and attractiveness of sleep deprived
people. BMJ; December 341: 6614.
American Psychiatric Association (2013) DSM Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental
disorders.
Biggs, S. N., Lushington, K., van den Heuvel, C. J., Martin, A. J., & Kennedy, J. D. (2011).
Inconsistent sleep schedules and daytime behavioral difficulties in school-aged children.
Sleep Medicine, 12(8): 780-786.
Bolinder, E. & Ohlström, R. (1971) Stress på svenska arbetsplatser. Lund: Bokförlaget Prisma.
Brabaw, K. (2016) 7 Morning Habits Setting You Up For A Day Of Total Exhaustion. Avoiding
these seven habits can help lead you into a more energized day. New York: Prevention
Magazine Subscriptions.
Buysse, DJ., Germain, A., Hall, M., Monk, TH. & Nofzinger EA. (2011) A Neurobiological Model
of Insomnia. Drug Discov Today Dis Models, vol. 8:129-137.
Cohen, A. & Zandra, A. (2015) An analysis of laypeople´s beliefs regarding the origins of their
worst nightmares, International Journal of Dream Research 8: 120-128.
Denissen, JJ., Penke, L. & van Aken, M. (2008) The Effects of Weather on Daily Mood: A
Multilevel Approach Emotion, vol. 8/ 5: 662– 667.
Ebrahim, I., Shapiro, C., Williams, J. & Fenwick, P. (2013) Alcohol and Sleep I: Effects on Normal
Sleep. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, January.
Edmé, P. & Chauvot de Beauchêne E. P. (1786) Observation sur une maladie nerveuse. Avec
complication d'un sommeil tantôt léthargique, tantôt convulsif. A Amsterdam et à Paris:
chez Méquignon l'aine. [Observation of a nervous disease attended by disturbed sleep, at
times lethargic and at times convulsive.].
Espie, C. (1991) Psychological treatment of insomnia. New York: Wiley.
Heiska, J. (2016) Better Mental Health with 7x4-field. Saarbrücken: LAP Lambert Academic
Publishing.
Heiska, J. (2018) The usage of the concept happiness is enhanced by a mathematic formula that
includes seven variables. International Journal of Health and Psychology Research, vol.
3, September: 14-20.
Heiska, J. (2019) So-called delusions in daily life can be broken down and described more
accurately with the help of a 7x4-field. IJRDO-journal of Social Science and Humanities
Research, vol. 4/8, August: 180-192.
Hearne, K. (1978) Lucid dreams: An electrophysiological and psychological study. Ph.D. Thesis.
University of Liverpool England.
Herbenick, D. (2015) The Coregasm Workout. Berkeley:Seal Press.
Himanen, S-L., Kärki, A., Paavonen, J., Satomaa, A-L., Saarenpää-Heikkilä, O. & Huhtala, H.
(2020) Kesällä syntyneet lapset heräilevät talvivauvoja vähemmän. (“Children born in the summer wake up less infrequently than winter babies.”) University of Tampere
Honkasalo, M-L. & Koski, K. (2017) Mielen rajoilla – arjen kummat kokemukset.
(“Stretching the mind’s limits – peculiar everyday experiences”) Helsinki:
Finnish Literature Society.
Huang, T., Mariani, S. & Redline, S. (2020) Sleep Irregularity and Risk of Cardiovascular Events:
The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Journal of the American College of
Cardiology, vol. 75, issue 9, March: 991-999.
Ikeda, H. & Hayashi, M. (2010) The effect of self-awakening from nocturnal sleep on sleep inertia.
Biological psychology, vol. 83(1), January: 15-19.
Ingravallo, F, Poli, F., Gilmore, EV., Pizza, F., Vignatelli, L., Schenck,CH & Plazzi, G. (2014)
Sleeprelated violence and sexual behavior in sleep: a systematic review of medical-legal
case reports. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine 15, vol. 10(8), Aug:927–935.
Järnefelt, H., Härmä, M., Lapveteläinen, N., Leivategija, T., Martimo, KP., Paajanen, T., Sallinen,
Mikael, Velin, R., Virkkala, J. & Hublin, C. (2018) Vuorotyöntekijöiden unen ja vireyden
tukeminen työterveyshuollossa. (“Supporting shift workers’ sleep and energy levels in
occupational health care”). Helsinki: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health.
Kallinen, Y. (1971) Elämmekö unessa. (“Are we living in a dream”) Helsinki: Tammi.
Kallweit, U., Bassetti, C., Oberholzer, M., Fronczek, R., Béguin, M., Strub, M. & Lammers, G.
(2018) Coexisting Narcolepsy (With and Without Cataplexy) and Multiple Sclerosis : Six
New Cases and a Literature Review. Journal of neurology 265(9) September. 2071-2078.
Kannas, L., Eskola, K., Välimaa, P. & Mustajoki, P. (2013) Virtaa! kertauskirja, chapter Uni ja
nukkuminen. (“Energy! Revision book” / “Sleep and sleeping”) Keuruu: Atena Kustannus
oy.
Kelley,P., Lockley, S. & Foster, R..( 2014) Synchronizing education to adolescent biology: “let
teens sleep, start school later”. Learning, Media and Technology 1.
Kübler-Ross, E. (1969). On Death and Dying. New York: The Macmillan Company.
Kwok, C., Kontopantelis, E., Kuligowski, G., Gray, M., Muhyaldeen, A., Gale, C., Peat, G.,
Cleator, J. & Chew‐Graham, C. (2018) Self‐Reported Sleep Duration and Quality and
Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality: A Dose‐Response Meta‐Analysis. Journal of the
American Heart Association 7.
Lastella, M., O´Mullan, C., Paterson, J. & Reynolds, A. (2019) Sex and sleep: Perceptions of sex as
a sleep promoting behavior in the general adult population. Frontiers in Public Health,
vol. 7: 1-6.
Leo, G. (2003) Parasomnias, Wisconsin Medical Journal, vol. 102(1):32-35.
Liao, J., Zhu, S. & Li, X. (2018) Anxiety and depression in paradoxical insomnia: a case–control
study. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 14: 231-238.
Lloyd, J., Ashdown, T. & Jawad, L. (2017) Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response: What is It?
and Why Should We Care? Indian Journal of psychological medicine March-April, vol.
39(2): 214-215.
Mahowald, M. & Schenck, C. (1992) Dissociated states of wakefulness and sleep. Neurology.
42(7 Suppl 6): 44-51.
Markkula, J. & Lamusuo, S. (2017) Unen erityishäiriöt - miten tutkin, miten hoidan? (“Special
sleep disorders – how to study and treat them”) Lääkärilehti, vol. 72(12).
McHugh, J. & Lawlor, B. (2012) Perceived stress mediates the relationship between emotional
loneliness and sleep quality over time in older adults. British Journal of Health
Psychology, September.
Mäkelä, M. (2010) Uni ja anestesia. (“Sleep and anaesthesia”) University of Tampere, Faculty of
Medicine and Health Technology, physiology study group, written coursework for
advanced studies.
Oakley, D. & Halligan, P. (2009) Hypnotic suggestion and cognitive neuroscience. Trends in
Cognitive Sciences 13: 264-270.
Okabe, S., Hayashi, M., Abe, T. & Fukuda, K. (2020) Presentation of familiar odor induces
negative dream emotions during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in healthy adolescents.
Journal Sleep Medicine, February, vol. 66: 227-232.
Pagel, JF., Kwiatkowski, C. (2010) The nightmares of sleep apnea: nightmare frequency declines
with increasing apnea hypopnea index. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, vol. 10;6(1):
69-73.
Partinen, M. & Huovinen , M. (2007) Terve uni (”Healthy sleep”). Helsinki: WSOY.
Partinen, M., Kaprio, J., Koskenvuo, M. & Langinvainio, H. (1983) Sleeping habits, sleep quality
and use of sleeping pills: A population study of 31140 adults in Finland. In work:
Guilleminault, C. & Lugaresi, E. (eds.) Sleep / Wake Disorders: Natural History,
Epidemiology and Long Term Evaluation. New York: Raven Press.
Partinen, M. & Sulander (1999) Vireysongelmat ja havaintovirheet liikenneonnettomuuksien syinä
(“Traffic accidents caused by energy deficiencies and observation errors”). Duodecim 11:
709-716.
Perlis, M., Shaw, PJ., Cano,G. & Espie,CA. (2011) Models of insomnia. Kirjassa: Kryger MH,
Roth T, Dement WC (toim.) Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. Elsevier: 850-66.
Puustinen, J. (2014) Benzodiazepines and Cognitive Functioning in Older Adults. With Emphasis
on Long-Term Use and Withdrawal. Annales Universitatis Turkuensis D 1110.
Reed, M., Van der Helm, E., Breus, M. & Brantner,C. (2019) 7 Scientific reasons why you may
have difficulty sleeping next to someone in bed. Bustle January 1.
Rudenko, G. (2011) African trypanosomes: the genome and adaptations for immune evasion.
Rupp, T. (2008) Sleep Extension Improves Alertness and Performance During and Following
Subsequent Sleep Restriction. Performance in the conference Annual Meeting of the
Associated the Associated Professional Sleep societies (APSS) 14.5. American Academy
of Sleep Medicine.
Saarenpää-Heikkilä (2001) Sleeping habits, sleep disorders and daytime sleepiness in schoolchild-
dren. Dissertation, University of Tampere.
Sadeghniiat-Haghighi, K., Zahabi, A.,Najafi, A., Ania Rahimi-Golkhandan, A. & Aminian. O.
(2020) Evaluating the quality and duration of sleep using actigraphy in petroleum
industry shift workers. Sleep Health June. National Sleepfoundation.
Shapiro CM, Fedoroff JP, Trajanovic N. (1996) Sexual behavior in sleep: A newly described
parasomnia. Sleep Research 25:367.
Siltala, M. (2019) Jälleenkohtaamisia: Vainajakokemukset sekä niiden koetut vaikutukset
käsityksiin elämästä ja kuolemasta (“Reunions: experiences with the deceased and their
perceived effects on the concepts of life and death"). Dissertation, University of Helsinki,
theological faculty.
Spiegel, K, Leproult, R. & Van Cauter, E. (1999) Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine
function. Lancet 354:1435-9.
Spielman AJ, Caruso, LS. & Glovinsky PB. (1987) A behavioral perspective on insomnia treat-
ment. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, Elsevier.
Stevenson, S. & Gottfried, S. (2016) Sleep smarter: 21 essential strategies to sleep your way to a
better body, better health and bigger success. New York: Rodale Books.
Sutela H. (2008) Trends in self-reported sleep duration and insomnia-related symptoms in Finland
from 1972 to 2005: a comparative review and re-analysis of Finnish population samples.
Journal of Sleep Research 17:54-62.
Suvanto, S. (1995) Effects of rapid time-zone transitions on flight attendants' circadian rhythms and
sleep. Dissertation, University of Helsinki Helsinki: Finnish institute of Ocupational
Health.
Tamaki, M., Won Bang, J., Watanabe, T. & Sasaki,Y. (2016) Night Watch in One Brain Hemis-
phere during Sleep Associated with the First-Night Effect in Humans. Georgia Institute
of Technology.
Tassi, P. &, Muzet, A. (2000) ”Sleep Inertia”. Sleep Medicine Reviews. Aug;4(4):341-353.
Tawast, T. (2014) ”Mitä ihmiselle tapahtuu?” Psykologinen manipulaatio vaikuttamisen
välineenä. .Käsiteanalyysi. (“”What happens to people?” Psychological manipulation as a
tool influence. A concept analysis.” Pro gradu thesis in social ethics, University of
Helsinki theological faculty.
Terzaghi, M., Sartori, I., Tassi, L., Didato, G., Rustioni, V., LoRusso, G., Raffaele Manni, R..,&
Lino Nobili, L. (2009) Evidence of Dissociated Arousal States During NREM Parasomnia
from an Intracerebral Neurophysiological Study. Sleep. Mar 1; 32(3): 409-412.
Ullman, M. (1996) Appreciating Dreams. New York: Sage Publications.
Valdas, N. (2014) Alterations in the states and contents of consciousness: empirical and theoretical
aspects. Annales universitatis turkuensis Sarja - ser. B osa – tom. 391 Humaniora.
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Published
2020-07-20
How to Cite
Heiska, J. (2020). The 7x4 field: the seven categories for reasons behind sleeping prob-lems, and the four cornerstones of a healthy life . IJRDO - Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research, 5(7), 01-17. https://doi.org/10.53555/sshr.v5i7.3780
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