Archaeological Site Impacts in the Hambantota District, Sri Lanka: Markov Chain/GIS/RS-based Analysis of Land Use and Change Detection, 1972-2014
Keywords:
Land Use, Land Use Planning, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Markov Chain Analysis, Archaeology, Cultural Sites, Sri Lanka
Abstract
The Greater Hambantota area features a variety of archaeological sites and monuments carrying considerable importance in Sri Lankan history. Recent expansion of land-use patterns in the Hambantota District shows a rapid encroachment on ancient cultural landscapes in the area, and has obliterated almost all tangible evidence of important sites that remain above ground. Cultural inheritance is an essential component of sustainable development in all societies, and gaining insights from this point view, the present study justifies the suitability of the Hambantota district as a unit of analysis. Real knowledge of the cultural landscape and understanding landscape changes could facilitate and improve prediction concerning the current and future condition of landscapes, and this is especially important for urban planners developing urban plans. The present research attempts to evaluate and present the spatial determinants and other related factors exerting influence on the changing land use patterns in the Greater Hambantota area. Here we evaluate land use changes during the period 1972 – 2014, and also offer insight into possible future land uses by way of a Markov Chain analysis.
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References
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34. Wikkramatileke, R. (1963). Southeast Ceylon: Trends and Problems in Agricultural Settlements. Chicago, Illinois: Department of Geography, University of Chicago.
2. Bualhamam, M. R. (2009). The study of urban growth impact in tourism area using remote sensing and GIS technique for north part of the UAE. Journal of Geography and Regional Planning, 2(6), 166–175.
3. Chiabrando, F., A. Di Lolli, G. Patrucco, A. Spano, G. Sammartano, and L.T. Teppati. (2017). Multitemporal 3D modelling for cultural heritage emergency during seismic events: damage assessment of s. Agostino Church in Amatrice (RI). International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing & Spatial Information Sciences, 42(5/W1), 69–76.
4. Cooray, P. G. (1984). An Introduction to the Geology of Sri Lanka (Ceylon) (2nd ed.). Colombo, Sri Lanka: National Museums.
5. Cuca, B., and A. Agapiou. (2018). Impact of land-use change and soil erosion on cultural landscapes: the case of cultural paths and sites in Paphos district, Cyprus. Applied Geomatics, 10(4), 515–528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12518-018-0237-z
6. Deraniyagala, S. U. (2007). The prehistory and protohistory of Sri Lanka. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Central Cultural Fund.
7. Deur, D., and V.L. Butler. (2016). Incorporating Archaeology into Local Government Historic Preservation and Planning: A Review of Current Practice. Journal of the American Planning Association, 82(2), 189–203. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2015.1137222
8. Elfadaly, A., W. Attia, M.M. Qelichi, B. Murgante, and R. Lasaponara. (2018). Management of Cultural Heritage Sites Using Remote Sensing Indices and Spatial Analysis Techniques. Surveys in Geophysics, 39(6), 1347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-018-9489-8
9. Eniyew, S. (2018). Mapping urban expansion and its effect on the surrounding land uses using GIS and remote sensing. A case study in Debre Tabor Town, Ethiopia. Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management, 6(1), 1427–1439. https://doi.org/10.15243/jdmlm.2018.061.1427
10. Fandi, M. (2018). Effects of large historical earthquakes on archeological structures in Jordan. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 11(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-017-3364-7
11. Hirtz, C. (2014). Contributions of GIS and Satellite-based Remote Sensing to Landscape Archaeology in the Middle East. Journal of Archaeological Research, 22(3), 229–276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10814-013-9072-2
12. Johnson, A., L. Marrack, and S. Dolan. (2015). Threats to Coastal Archaeological Sites and the Effects of Future Climate Change: Impacts of the 2011 Tsunami and an Assessment of Future Sea-Level Rise at Hōnaunau, Hawai’i. Journal of Island & Coastal Archaeology, 10(2), 232–252.
13. Jusseret, S. (2014). Earthquake Archaeology: A Future in Ruins? Journal of Contemporary Archaeology, 1(2), 277–296.
14. Katupotha, J. (1988). Hiroshima University Radiocarbon Dates I, West and South Coasts of Sri Lanka. Radiocarbon, 30(1), 125–128.
15. Lane, P. (2011). Future Urban Growth and Archaeological Heritage Management: Some Implications for Research Activity in Africa. Observation & Management of Archaeological Sites, 13(2/3), 134–159.
16. Li, H., Y.D. Wei, and K. Korinek. (2018). Modelling urban expansion in the transitional Greater Mekong Region. Urban Studies, 55(8), 1729–1748. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098017700560
17. Llobera, M., P. Alvarez, and C. Parcero-Oubia. (2011). Order in Movement: A GIS Approach to Accessibility. Journal of Archaeological Science, 38(4), 843–851.
18. Ma, C., G.Y. Zhang, X.C. Zhang, Y.J. Zhao, and H.Y. Li. (2012). Application of Markov model in wetland change dynamics on Tianjin Coastal area, China. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 13: 252-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2012.01.024
19. McCoy, M.D., and T.N. Ladefoged. (2009). New Developments in the Use of Spatial Technology in Archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Research, 17(3), 263–295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10814-009-9030-1
20. Murphy, C., A. Weisskopf, W. Bohingamuwa, G. Adikari, N. Perera, J. Blinkhorn, M. Horton, D.Q. Fuller, and N. Boivin. (2018). Early agriculture in Sri Lanka: New Archaeobotanical analyses and radiocarbon dates from the early historic sites of Kirinda and Kantharodai (Kandarodai). Archaeological Research in Asia, 16(88), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ara.2018.06.001
21. Nghiem, V., R. Nedjai, A. Le, L. Charleux. (2013). Application of GIS and Remote sensing for predicting land use change in the French Jura Mountains with the LCM Model; The impact of variables on the distribution model. Proceedings of the ARCS, SC04, 95–102.
22. Niculi, A.M., and M.C. Margarint. (2018). Landslides and Fortified Settlements as Valuable Cultural Geomorphosites and Geoheritage Sites in the Moldavian Plateau, North-Eastern Romania. Geoheritage, 10(4), 613–635. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-017-0261-0
23. Olukole, T. (2008). The mysterious Ogunjokoro of the Old Oyo (Nigeria) and its tourismpotential. Nyame Akuma, 69, 41–44.
24. Radosavljevic, B., H. Lantuit, W. Pollard, P. Overduin, N. Coutre, T. Sachs, V. Helm, M. Fritz. (2016). Erosion and Flooding--Threats to Coastal Infrastructure in the Arctic: A Case Study from Herschel Island, Yukon Territory, Canada. Estuaries and Coasts, 39(4), 900–916. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-015-0046-0
25. Rayne, L., J. Bradbury, D. Mattingly, G. Philip, R. Bewley, and A. Wilson. (2017). From Above and on the Ground: Geospatial Methods for Recording Endangered Archaeology in the Middle East and North Africa. Geosciences, 7(4), 1–31.
26. Sen, G., E. Gungor, and H. Sevik. (2018). Defining the effects of urban expansion on land use/cover change: a case study in Kastamonu, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 190(8), 454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-6831-z
27. Somadeva, R. (2002). Human Responses and Contribution to Environmental Change: The development of urbanism in the Tissamaharama area of southern Sri Lanka. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists. Sigtuna, Sweden.
28. _______. (2006). Urban origins in southern Sri Lanka. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Uppsala University.
29. Supernant, K, and C. Cookson. (2014). Mapping Social Cohesion in Prince Rupert Harbour, BC: A Social Application of GIS to the Archaeology of the Northwest Coast. Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 38, 179–210.
30. Vazquez, F.S., and J.M.M. Albendin. (2015). Archaeology versus Urban Development in Cartagena. GSTF Journal of Engineering Technology, 3(2), 64–71.
31. Wernke, S. A. (2012). Spatial Network Analysis of a Terminal Prehispanic and Early Colonial Settlement in Highland Peru. Journal of Archaeological Science, 39(4), 1111–1122.
32. _______. (2013). Negotiated Settlements: Andean Communities and Landscapes under Inka and Spanish Colonialism. Gainsville, Florida: Florida University Press.
33. Wheatley, D., and M. Gillings. (2000). Vision, Perception and GIS: Developing Enriched Approaches to the Study of Archaeological Visibility. In Beyond the Map: Archaeology and Spatial Technologies, Gary Lock (Ed.) (pp. 1–27). Amsterdam, Netherlands: IOS Press.
34. Wikkramatileke, R. (1963). Southeast Ceylon: Trends and Problems in Agricultural Settlements. Chicago, Illinois: Department of Geography, University of Chicago.
Published
2019-02-26
How to Cite
Stimers, M., W.P., F., & Lenagala, S. (2019). Archaeological Site Impacts in the Hambantota District, Sri Lanka: Markov Chain/GIS/RS-based Analysis of Land Use and Change Detection, 1972-2014. IJRDO-Journal of Applied Science, 5(2), 88-110. https://doi.org/10.53555/as.v5i2.2658
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